Hematuria can be seen with kidney stones because: the stone injured the urinary structures as it passes through them
The levator ani muscle plays a major role in constriction of the external sphincter. True
The relay station in the brain that plays a major role in regulating micturition is: pontine micturition center
When the bladder is empty, the detrusor muscle relaxes, and the internal and external sphincters constrict. True
The location of the internal sphincter is under the urogenital diaphragm. False, its located in the bladder
Which of the following actions will relax the detrusor muscle of the bladder?
Activation of the beta-2 receptors by the sympathetic nervous system
Stress incontinence- leaking of urine with activity
Urge incontinence- leakage of urine with sensation of need to urinate
Neurogenic incontinence- unimpeded urine leakage
Overflow incontinence- leakage of urine is associated with urgency, frequency, dribbling and hesitancy
Involuntary loss of urine caused by dementia or immobility is known as: functional incontinence
The pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder is: lesions alter nervous system impulses that innervate the detrusor muscle to decrease bladder compliance and decreased sphincter tone
Which of the following is considered be a transient cause of urinary incontinence?
Urinary tract infection
A sphincter malfunction that prevents urine from flowing out of the bladder would most likely result in: overflow incontinence
The major cause of stress incontinence in women is hypermobility of the external sphincter. True
Stage III kidney disease is signified when the GFR drops below 60. True
Which of the following is a complication of decreased GFR? Anemia
The result of vitamin D deficiency results in: hypocalcemia
The number one cause of end-stage renal disease is diabetes mellitus and hypertension combined. True
The anemia seen in renal failure is due to the lack or iron. False
The decision to begin dialysis is guided by the patient’s symptoms rather than GFR. True
The major acid/base disturbance in renal failure is: metabolic acidosis
End-stage renal disease is signified by a GFR of: <15
Diuretic therapy is used in Stage IV kidney failures to stimulate kidney function. False
Dietary management of a patient with CKD includes: low potassium, low sodium, low phosphate
Which of the following symptoms are considered atypical for GERD? Chest pain ................ Continue
